58 from a commercial fisheries perspective, from a knowledge and skills perspective, from an employment perspective and from a cultural-historical perspective. The findings of this study are based on desk research, interviews and a discussion afternoon with several experts in the field. New markets and new competences To achieve multi-purpose entrepreneurship, fishing companies must widen their operational scope by entering new markets outside the fisheries domain and acquire new competences. First of all, fishermen must become all-round entrepreneurs who, alongside their professional fishing skills, have a range of entrepreneurial competences, such as developing a good business philosophy and sensing market opportunities , planning and negotiating skills, customer focus, change-mindedness, resourcefulness and networking and teamworking skills. Possibly the fisherman will have to invest in the modification of his vessel or he even should consider constructing a new ship. Opportunities in adjacent markets The following adjacent markets were considered: • shipping • ship repairs and maintenance • maritime services at sea • offshore (oil service firms) • hydraulic engineering • maritime recreation and education • water management • maritime construction Shipping Instead of catching fish, fishermen can also transport goods. Shipping is a large sector with a total turnover of € 6.7 billion. Diverse developments have taken place in the past years. Some fishermen have ventured into coastal and inland shipping, but this requires major adaptations to the ship. All-round entrepreneurship is important, and it is vital to do business with reliable charter parties. The market opportunities for fishermen are not estimated as very high. Ship repairs and maintenance Fishermen work on their ships day and night and consequently know all the technical ins and outs of their ship. This technical knowledge could be used to carry out regular repair work. The sea-going ship repair sector generates a turnover of € 712 million. In the past years the turnover developed very favourably on average. The investments in a shipyard are substantial however and all-round entrepreneurship is indispensable. The market opportunities must be estimated as low. Maritime services at sea Maritime services at sea covers a range of activities, such as salvaging and diving work, towing, bunkering and maritime research. This sector has a turnover of € 500 million. The turnover development was reasonable in the past years. A couple of fishermen have already moved into this business. Certain investments are necessary, however, such as Pagina 65
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