4.5 Internal/External Stakeholders According to the literature, internal stakeholders are those working within the organization that is designing, promoting, developing or implementing the project; all other stakeholders are considered external. At this stage in the realization of marine-park projects, the classification of stakeholders as internal or external is approximate rather than precise. The involvement of the stakeholders also differs throughout the various phases of system innovation. The classification of stakeholders as internal or external is therefore presented below according to the phases in the realization of system innovation. SI realization phases Stakeholders 1. Project designers and developers 2. National, regional and local governments 3. Potential member companies Energy companies Seaweed, seafood producers Construction and technological companies End-product users I E E E E E E I E Initiation Develop ment I E I I I I E E E Re invention I E I I I I E I E Implemen tation E E I I I I I E E 25 Comple ion t E E I I I I I E E 4. Financial institutions 5. Knowledge institutes 6. Environmental organizations Table 3 shows the status of the stakeholders as internal or external in the various phases in the realization of system innovation. For example, project designers and developers are internal during the initiation phase, as are knowledge institutes. At this stage, the rest of the stakeholders are external; they are not directly involved in the project. As shown in the table, the same stakeholders may be either internal or external in various phases. For example, knowledge institutes are internal during the initiation phase and, if necessary, the reinvention phase. During the rest of the innovation realization, knowledge institutes remain external. In summary, different groups of stakeholders play internal or external roles in different stages of system innovation. While a group of stakeholders may appear to be out of game (external) once its mission in the realization of the project is accomplished, new external players may appear inside the project as internal stakeholders. Overall, the identification of stakeholders as internal or external is used as an indicator of stakeholder involvement in the processes involved in the realization of projects (see Section 4.10). Table 3: Internal/External Stakeholders. Pagina 35
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