24 In summary, most of the stakeholders have relatively high interest in the projects. With the exception of the project designers, however, stakeholders are apathetic towards the realization of such projects, and they are therefore reluctant to become pioneers in innovation. The strength of the interests of different groups of stakeholders is mapped in Figure 4: Power-Interest Matrix. Conflicting Stakes In the investigation of the stakes and interests of the stakeholders, it is of great importance to analyse the conflicting stakes around the project. The competition existing among project designers and developers of various financial resources (e.g. competition between knowledge institutes for the opportunity to conduct particular studies, or between commercial organizations to be the first to realize particular innovations) may increase the conflicting stakes among important stakeholders and hinder project development. Such competition, however, poses less of a threat to the realization of projects than do the conflicting stakes existing outside the group of project designers. The most likely conflicting stakes among the groups of stakeholders are emphasized in the following list: 1. A marine park is a spatial project, which means that it requires considerable space and will consequently affect the wild fishing industry. 2. The offshore project in the existing wind farm may conflict with the wind-farm foundations. 3. Near-shore, onshore and inshore marine parks face conflicts with leisure companies. 4. Near-shore, onshore and inshore marine parks face conflicts with portal activities, while the co-operation with them may lead to new economic activities for harbours. 5. Inshore marine parks face spatial limitations in the shore and competition for land use (e.g. for energy, housing or industrial purposes). 6. Marine parks may have a negative influence on the marine environment, which would thus conflict with the missions of environmental organizations. Nevertheless, it may as well promote biodiversity. To conclude, many conflicting stakes among key stakeholders can be imagined. Conflicting stakes may generate negative attitudes for various stakeholders, thereby creating opposition. The designers and developers of marine-park projects should therefore take the stakes and interests of stakeholders into account and consider them in a strategic manner. Pagina 34
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