12 been driven by the combination of all three drivers. During the development phase, the initiative ideas are expressed in numerical form, and activities start to proceed; obstacles to project design appear largely because of unexpected or unforeseen external events. In this phase, stakeholders should be involved in the process determining the mission, objectives and main concerns of the marine-park project (Pomeroy, 2008). In the implementation phase, the innovation is adopted and institutionalized as an ongoing programme (Van de Ven et al., 1999). The boundaries between processes of development and those of implementation become blurred, and reinvention may take place in the process of implementation (Rogers, 2005). Reinvention is positively related to implementation and adoption, as the innovation moves from the developers to the implementers. Finally, in the completion phase, the innovation becomes fully functional; it is either implemented and institutionalized, or it is terminated when the resources are exhausted (Van de Ven et al., 1999). The realization of system innovation may be impeded during any of these phases. In addition to solving problems, system innovations tend to create new ones, which can ultimately lead to failure (Kemp et al., 1998). The innovation-system approach presumes that innovation does not take place in isolation and that interaction between actors is central to the process (Klein Woolthuis et al., 2005). It is therefore essential to involve societal actors (i.e. groups of stakeholders) in the various phases of realizing marine-park projects. 2.3 Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder analysis is a tool for investigating the beliefs and ideas of stakeholders with conflicting interests and for examining expected future directions of the project. Stakeholder analysis also supports project developers in their assessment of the project environment and their negotiating position, and it can help them to make decisions regarding stakeholder involvement. The involvement of stakeholders can allow the opportunity to create mutual understanding of the issues at hand, to explore and integrate ideas, solutions, to create and achieve common goals (Pomeroy, 2008). In addition, stakeholder analysis provides a chance to formulate the main assumptions regarding project viability at the beginning of each phase of project realization. Stakeholders are persons, groups or institutions who have an interest in the marine parks under consideration, who have influence on the realization processes or who will be affected by the project’s realization, as well as those who have either active or passive impact on processes of decision-making and realization. Key stakeholders are those who can significantly influence the project or who are important to its success. Pagina 22

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