Stakeholders in system innovation Stakeholders play an important role in processes involved in the realization of system innovations. Such innovations can be affected by the expectations of stakeholders until their success fails to be proven and until their potential benefits have been specified through practical application (Kemp et al., 1998). On the one hand, the involvement of many different stakeholders in a system innovation requires resources in terms of time, personnel and financing. On the other hand, the conflicting interests of too many stakeholders can result in delays or even the failure of system-innovation projects (Freeman et al., 2007). Stakeholder analysis focuses on stakes, internal/external stakeholders, positions, power, urgency, expectations and communication. Given the importance of the stakeholders in the realization of system innovation, the potential stakeholders of marine parks have been defined and their stakes/interests have been identified. A stake is a personal or financial interest or involvement in a project. The list below identifies the groups of potential stakeholders of marine parks: ⢠Project designers and developers ⢠National, regional and local governments, public authorities ⢠Potential member companies, partners ⢠Financial institutions ⢠Knowledge institutes ⢠Environmental organizations Among these stakeholders, key stakeholders can be identified according to their power. Power is the capacity or ability to accomplish an objective; it can be based upon strength, force, official function or legal right (Websterâs II, 1984). Power can also refer to the extent to which a stakeholder is capable of influencing or forcing others to take particular decisions or act in certain ways (Varvasovszky and Brugha, 2000). The position of stakeholders thus refers to their status as proponents or opponents of the project (Bryson, et al., 2002). In addition to power, the level of urgency experienced by each stakeholder group was investigated. Level of urgency refers to the extent to which stakeholder demand immediate attention (Mitchell et al., 1997), including cases in which stakeholders will not tolerate any delays in the implementation of a project (i.e. time sensitivity). The expectations of stakeholders were then identified in terms of their beliefs or anticipations regarding the benefits, losses or both associated with the realization of marine parks. Finally, the current communication means and frequencies were investigated. 13 Pagina 23
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