in a Closed Systemâ, is located near shore and suggests a placement of floating platforms of seaweed and shellfish hatcheries. These hatcheries can also be placed in between the wind turbines in offshore wind parks. Other examples of inshore and onshore designs have yet to be published. In general, however, the cultivation of seaweed and seafood in combination with wind farms is one of the first steps in the development of marine parks (InnovatieNetwerk, 2010). 11 2.2 System Innovation There are several types of innovations, including incremental, radical, semi-radical, organizational, product, process, design and management. System innovation can be described as a combination of all of these types (Geels, 2005). System innovations are currently needed in order to address several societal problems in various sectors, including energy, sustainability, population growth and the associated increase in the demand for food. In this context, marine parks can be recognized as system innovations. In general, marine parks are identifiable entities that contain interdependent elements and create synergy. Moreover, marine parks address issues of sustainability in order to offer solutions for the growing demand for food and other biomass, and scarcity of the seafood supply. System innovations require several years to plan and set the stage for implementation (Van de Ven et al., 1999; De Bruijn et al., 2004). As system innovations, marine parks can be characterized as comprehensive projects with a long-term horizon (10-20 years), requiring the efforts of many stakeholders, as well as a change of perspective. System innovations start to yield positive results once the stakeholders or the network of the parties involved in the innovation have passed through the search and learning processes (Rutten and Van Oosten, 1999). The stability of these type of systems can be ensured through interaction and networking (OâConnor, 2008). In general, system innovation process involves the following phases (De Bruijn et al., 2004; Van de Ven et al., 1999): ⢠Initiation ⢠Development ⢠Reinvention ⢠Implementation ⢠Completion (see Figure 2). Figure 1: Realization phases of system innovation. In the initiation phase, the idea is generated by one or more of the following drivers: knowledge, market and government (De Bruijn et al., 2004). In the case of marine-park projects, the initiation phase has Pagina 21
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