4.9 Expectations System innovations can be affected by the expectations of stakeholders until their success fails to be proven and until their potential benefits have been specified through practical application in practice (Kemp et al., 1998). Understanding the motives of stakeholders is a primary step towards overcoming potential external barriers. The benefits and losses expected by the various stakeholder groups with regard to marinepark projects are presented in the section below. In general, stakeholders who expectations regarding project realization negative tend to be reluctant to accept change and are therefore tend to neglect such projects. Conversely, stakeholders who anticipate benefits tend to have an innovative, coalition-building attitude and take a supportive position. 31 Benefits First, the designers expect the development of new business or the expansion of existing companies, as well as a new system. They also expect to create the effective use of marine resources and sustainable production of biomass, thereby enabling the production of clean energy and increasing the supply of healthy food for humans and feed for animals. In addition, the designers expect the realization of their projects to bring new economical activity and consequently new employment. Second, knowledge institutes expect to achieve their organizational objectives though the realization of projects. For example, the Plant Research International organization at Wageningen University and Research Centre has the ambition to double the level of agro-production (including plant production), to reduce environmental damage by 50 % by 2050 and to export the knowledge that they have generated. In addition, knowledge institutes will benefit from knowledge development, as illustrated by the new research lines in agronomy and in coastal or offshore combined structures. Third, environmental organizations expect general environmental benefits from sustainable production (NRC Handelsblad, 2010). In general, the stakeholders expect that their reputations will be enhanced by the successful and sustainable realization of marine parks. Loss First, project designers expect project failure to result in losses. Should the projects fail to realize their promises regarding sustainable production (or fail completely), the project designers would lose both the resources they had invested (e.g. in terms of time, finances and human resources) and their reputations. Second, the projects that are not based on the existing offshore wind farms are expected to entail the loss of fishing ground. Third, environmental organizations are likely to count any activity in the North Sea as a loss for the environment. According to Greenpeace, aquaculture is not a solution Pagina 41
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