28 In Figure 5, the numbered stars represent the stakeholder groups in the following order: 1. Marine-park designers and developers 2. National, regional and local governments 3. Potential member companies; partners 4. Financial institutions 5. Knowledge institutes 6. Environmental organizations Figure 5 maps the stakeholders based on their position (opposition to support) and the power (low to high). As shown in the figure, most of the stakeholders are supportive, some of them are neutral and none of them is opponent. The project designers and developers are pioneers in innovation. They are the first movers with regard to establishing new systems. Moreover, they are the strongest supporters at this stage of project realization (together with knowledge institutes and the national government). Potential future member companies and financial institutions may support the project to the extent that it will bring economic benefits to their businesses and increase their reputation in terms of involvement in sustainable development. The environmental organizations are similarly neutral. These organizations are likely to express support for a project if the designers are able to prove both theoretically and practically that it would have no negative environmental impact, that the net environmental effect would be positive, or both. In addition, the potential future members of marine parks, public organizations, knowledge institutes, and environmental organizations express their willingness to support projects by investing time and human resources into discovering the best environmental and economical solution for realizing the park. In conclusion, financial and legal support from public authorities is of primary importance during the development stage of project realization, while the neutral position of potential future members and financial institutions may make it necessary to apply substantial resources in order to attract them to join the project. Potential Threats This section contains an analysis of the potential threats to marinepark projects. The most important threat is the failure of sustainability. If a project diverges from the principle of sustainable production, stakeholders will shift from supporters into opponents or, in the best case, to a neutral position. For this reason, the chance of failure will increase substantially for projects that are practically incapable of realizing the promised sustainability in three aspects (i.e. the 3Ps: People, Planet, Profit). For example, open-net cage fish farms can pollute the environment by releasing significant amounts of nutrients, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, by allowing the fish to escape from the cage, by introducing parasites and diseases to the environment, by using caught wild fish for fish feed, through conflict with predators and similar actions (WWF, 2011). Opposition can be avoided by Pagina 38
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