2 of realizing system innovation involves five phases: initiation, development, reinvention, implementation and completion. Marine parks are designed in four formats: offshore, near-shore, inshore and onshore. The results of our research suggest that technological possibilities and knowledge levels decrease, as projects are located further from the shore, while stakeholder conflicts are more common in onshore projects. The potential stakeholders identified in the analysis can be classified into the following groups: 1. Project designers and developers 2. National, regional and local governments, public authorities 3. Potential member companies, partners 4. Financial institutions 5. Knowledge institutes 6. Environmental organizations The analysis of the stakes and interests held by these stakeholders reveals many conflicting stakes among key stakeholders. These conflicting stakes may generate negative expectations on the part of various stakeholders, thus creating opposition. For this reason, project designers and developers should take the stakes and interests of stakeholders into account and consider them strategically. The power analysis demonstrated that none of the individual stakeholders are powerful enough to accomplish the project objectives on its own. A combination of groups may increase their power, thus enabling them to realize projects. Among the powerful stakeholders, project designers, developers and public authorities are supportive of marine-park projects, but the real drivers of project realization – potential future members, partners and financial institutions – are neutral and thus experience no sense of urgency to joining the project. At this stage of project development, strong opposition does not exist. However, the existing industries, wind farms, portal activities, environmental organisations, may become neglectful. The study also identifies the losses and benefits expected by the stakeholders. On the one hand, they expect the development of new businesses and the expansion of existing businesses, knowledge improvement, the creation of new research lines and, most importantly, the implementation of a new system. On the other hand, key stakeholders expect to lose both their reputations and any resources they have invested if the project fails to become sustainable. They also expect the loss of fishing areas, negative visual impact, noise and obstructions, as well as reductions in land and marine area. The research concludes that processes involved in the realization of marine-park projects, which are pertinent to sustainability issues, are likely to meet stakeholder resistance. Moreover, key stakeholders bear a crucial impact on the processes involved in realizing such projects. If their expectations, interests and stakes are positive, these stakeholders Pagina 12

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