Important factors in allowing mineral concentrates from manure as an artificial fertilizer substitute are the effectiveness coefficient and the absence of heavy metals. Production and application can take place without the intervention of the artificial fertilizer industry. Many water treatment installations are designed to extract minerals, e.g. in the form of struvite. This material has been recognized in Japan and Germany as a fertilizer. The combined processing of manure and slurry from water treatment is possible. Table 1:The value of pig slurry based on mineral content and organic matter. Content 1) (kg/m3) Nitrogen anorganic (N) Potassium (K 2O) Phosphate Organic matter (solid phase) Total (€/m3) 1) Market failure Clearly, there is a potential demand for the various raw materials and products from manure. The challenge for the agricultural sector is to meet the requirements of the market. Accordingly, the existing supply-driven manure chains must be transformed into demand-driven chains for renewable raw materials from manure. As yet, however, there is little or no question of a demand-driven market. Based on our analysis of the demand and supply sides of the market as well as contacts with stakeholders, we traced a market failure due to the following imperfections: meet each other. The agricultural sector is unaware of the potential demand for products from manure. run their business on a cash-driven basis, the availability of manure – and hence the reliability of supply to customers – is highly uncertain. must pay for the removal of manure. The market is constantly looking for the cheapest short-term solution to save costs. As a consequence, investments in long-term developments are not on the agenda and livestock farmers are unwilling to commit to systemic solutions. manure are still subject to the restrictions imposed by manure and waste legislation. This impedes the use of raw materials from manure, also in non-agricultural sectors. materials, manure- current processing facilities are still comparatively small in scale. Existing solutions mainly aime at single applications – e.g. fermentation or production of artificial fertilizer substitutes – instead of at extracting all raw materials via multiple cascade processing. The past decades have shown that the markets cannot resolve these conflicting forces on their own. Government market intervention and new market players are necessary to get the markets moving. The diagram below illustrates the need to actively connect the supply and demand 3 8 3.7 40 Market price 2) (€/kg) 0.204 0.128 0.234 0.091 Market price 2) (€/kg) 0.476 0.298 0.546 0.117 Total (€/m3) 0.61 1.02 0.87 3.64 6.14 Total (€/m3) 1.43 2.38 2.02 4.68 10.51 Römkens and Rietra (2008); content of inorganic N, P2O5 and organic matter; content of K 2O estimation. 2) LEI land- en tuinbouwcijfers 2008; 15-35% of the fertilizer market prices: KAS (N), TSP (P2O5) en K60 (K 2O) and value of energy production of organic matter (based on 7-9 eurocent per kWh). Specialties Finally, other products – known as specialties – can also be made from manure. This involves specific applications in certain segments or markets that are limited in size or still in an experimental stage. This applies, for instance, to the production of algae based on minerals from manure and the CO2 and heat released when burning biogas. The production of proteins by bacteria growing on biogas is another option for the future. The urea from the urine can be used to produce hydrogen via electrolysis. Finally, cyanophycin and fumaric acid can be produced for the chemical industry. The markets where raw materials from manure can play an important role are still evolving. 82 Pagina 88
Pagina 90Voor sportbladen, online gebruiksaanwijzingen en sportbladen zie het Online Touch content management system systeem. Met de mogelijkheid voor een online shop in uw magazines.
472 Lees publicatie 162Home