Valuable products from manure - Electricity - Heating and CO2 (both suitable for local re-use, e.g. in horticulture) - Feed into gas network for mixing with natural gas - Transport fuel Electricity Heating CO2 re-use from flue gases Reclamation of minerals (notably phosphate) by 2020, which corresponds with 1.4-2.3 billion m3 of biogas. This is a tall order given that the current production from biomass fermentation (including manure) totals 16 million m3. Clearly, major efforts are necessary to achieve the target. At present, 435 million m3 of natural gas is used annually to bind nitrogen from the air in order to manufacture artificial fertilizer in our country36. Phosphate will become a scarce mineral in the future. It is mainly sourced from phosphate mines abroad, where 30 to 50% of the mineral is lost during extraction37. It is only used once before escaping into the environment. Phosphate recycling is very rare. Manure is a source of biogas, phosphate and nitrogen. So from the perspective of the government’s sustainability objectives, it also makes sense to explore opportunities for reclaiming these raw materials and supplying them to existing or potential new markets. - Nitrogen in ammonia and nitrate compounds - Phosphor compounds - Potassium compounds - Fertilizer granules (quality by blending or enriching the manure) - Concentrates - Dischargeable - Re-usable in agriculture Nutrients for algae cultivation (both CO2 and fermented manure) Urea as catalyst for hydrogen production Protein via bacterial conversion(susteine) Materials for packaging or construction Raw materials for the chemical industry (cyanophycin, fumaric acid) Manure: a largely untapped resource Sufficient technologies are now available for extracting energy and minerals from manure. But the initiatives to take full advantage of the potential of manure remain scarce, particularly compared to other countries where the government strongly stimulates these efforts; most initiatives concern manure fermentation to harvest biogas for the production of electricity and heating. Artificial fertilizer substitutes can be obtained from both the thick and the thin fraction of the manure. The market for these artificial fertilizers depends on national and EU government approval; several pilots are currently being carried out in this connection. In Moerdijk and Buggenum, for instance, there are two large facilities for burning solid poultry manure. A multiple-step ‘cascading’ process is required to harness the full potential of raw materials from manure. Fermentation, for instance, yields energy, but does not solve the problem of minerals surplus. Government objectives Harvesting renewable energy (biogas, green gas) via manure fermentation and the re-use of raw materials such as nitrogen and phosphate help to achieve the government’s ambitious climate and environment objectives. The target of the EU and the Dutch government is to use 3-5% green gas 80 36 37 Final Report Strategische verkenning covergisting van mest Meijer et al. 2007/S 3-003260 May 2008. Fosfaat – van te veel naar tekort, Haes et al. Policy Memorandum of the Technology Assessment Steering Group of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, September 2009. Pagina 86
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