estimates for the quantities of plant by-products and their uses. It is estimated that 113.2 Gg P2O5 is re-used32. 32 Animal by-products Of the total production from intensive livestock farms, 32-48% is not suitable for human consumption and it is referred to as animal by-products (RDA, 200633). Around 634 Gg34 are processed annually into by-products such as blood meal, meat and bone meal (MBM), and feather meal. Animal by-products are used for food, feed, fuel, fertiliser and as secondary products for a large range of industries for the production of (bio)chemicals, pharmaceuticals, porcelain, detergents, photo prints, matches, coatings etc. Approximately 573 Gg is recycled, 55 Gg is incinerated, and 6 Gg is stored in controlled dumps (data 2007). Until the BSE crisis, a major quantity was used as animal feed as a protein source or as dietary phosphate (see 6.2). An estimated 42.7 Gg P2O5 is re-used35. Crop residues Crop residues are recycled almost completely in the Netherlands. The majority of 5379 (i.e. 99.1%) of the total estimated quantity of 5428 Gg is returned to agricultural land with an estimated return of 9.2 Gg P2O5 (Figure 6.1). Carbonatation mud Carbonatation mud from the sugar industry contributed 3.4 Gg P2O5. Compost Three types of compost are recycled: spent mushroom substrate, compost from vegetables, fruit and garden waste from househol and green compost. Black earth is a mixture of compost and soil. In 2005, 2.5 Gg P2O5 was recycled from spent mushroom compost. 1.4 Gg P2O5 of GFT compost was recycled, and 1.1 Gg P2O5 of other compost. Sewage sludge The amount of phosphate contained in sewage sludge is estimated to be around 27 Gg P2O5 (CBS, 2008). Sewage sludge in the Netherlands is mainly incinerated, after which the ash is disposed of or used in the cement industry. Less than 4% (approximately 1 Gg P2O5) of the annually produced sewage sludge ash is currently used for phosphate recovery (SNB, 2009). Another 4% is used as a nutrient source (fertiliser). The major limitation of the use of P from ash in agriculture is the presence of iron ions in the bulk of the sludge, originating from the iron salts that are used to remove phosphorus from waste water. The presence of iron precludes the use of sewage sludge as feedstock for the Thermphos furnace plant in Vlissingen. The use of aluminium instead of iron salts to precipitate phosphate is an alternative, but this technique is more expensive. There are also other methods (see e.g. Duley, 2001) to recover phosphate from sludge and sludge ash, but they have not yet been implemented in the Netherlands. Potential sources for the recovery of phosphate are human urine, phosphate containing waste water. 33 CBS, 2009. Dierlijke mest en 51 mineralen 1990-2008. Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, Den Haag; Ehlert, P.A.I., P.H.M. Dekker, J.R. van der Schoot, R. Visschers, J.C. van Middelkoop, M.P. van der Maas, A.A. Pronk, A.M. van Dam, 2009. Fosforgehalten en fosfaatafvoercijfers van landbouwgewassen : eindrapportage Alterra-rapport nr. 1773.; http://www.beuker.nl/index. php; http://www.vandersteltbv.nl/; NEVO-tabel, 2010. http://www. rivm.nl/nevo/ ; Sauvant, D., J.M. Perez & g. Tran, 2002. Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials. Table de composition et de valeur nutritive des matières premières destineés aux animaux dâelevage. INRA ISBN-2-73801046-6.; Timmerman, M. en M.A.H.H. Smolders, 2004. Mineralenbalans op afdelingsniveau bij vleesvarkens. Praktijkrapport Varkens 35. Scharrer, K. & H. Linser, 1968. Handbuch der Pï¬anzenernährung und Düngung. Boden und Düngemittel. Springer-Verlag. Wenen â New York.; NEVO-tabel, 2010. http://www.rivm.nl/nevo/ ; Tabellen Mestbeleid 2010-2013 (http://www.hetlnvloket.nl/portal/). RDA, 2006: Raad voor Dieraangelegenheden, 2006. Mogelijkheden tot versoepeling van het verbod op het hergebruik van dierlijke eiwitten. Advies aan de Minister van landbouw, natuur en voedselkwaliteit inzake het in te nemen standpunt ten aanzien van de mogelijkheid tot het versoepelen van het verbod op het hergebruik van dierlijke eiwitten: Haalbaarheid, acceptatie en wenselijkheid. http://www.raadvoordierenaangelegenheden.nl/pages/home. aspx. Compendium voor de leefomgeving http://www.compendiumvoordeleefomgeving.nl/indicatoren/nl. Based on data montage of: Luske, B. & H. Blonk, 2009. Milieueï¬ecten van dierlijke bijproducten. Blonk Milieu Advies B.V. Gouda; Haas, M.J.G. & S.W. Moolenaar, 2004. Inzetbaarheid van SONAC-grondstoï¬en als meststof. Nutrienten Management Instituut rapport 881.03.; Scharrer, K. & H. Linser, 1968. Handbuch der Pï¬anzenernährung und Düngung. Boden und Düngemittel. Springer-Verlag. Wenen â New York.; NEVO-tabel, 2010. http://www.rivm.nl/nevo/. 34 35 Pagina 60
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