6. Phospate recycling and recommendations for sustainable use 1 43 Dutch Agriculture is highly intensive and productive. Until the mid 1980s growth in the agricultural sector in the Netherlands was one of the highest of the OECD countries (Oenema et al., 20052). The sideeï¬ects of agricultural intensiï¬cation (overproduction, eutrophication and damage to the environment) were incentives to change government policy (Henkens & Keulen, 20013, Oenema, 20044). This policy focused on a more balanced use of nitrogen and phosphate, but not on phosphate recycling as such. However, the rapid depletion of available sources of minable phosphate presents a new incentive for government to review policy on this matter. The phosphate balance should take account of the already available and renewable sources of phosphate in the Netherlands. This chapter discusses the phosphate balance in the Netherlands, and the means to balance and recover phosphate. 2 Oenema, O., L. van Liere & O.F. Schoumans, 2005. Eï¬ects of lowering nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses in agriculture on the quality of groundwater and surface water in the Netherlands. Journal of Hydrology 304: 289â301. Henkens, P.L.C.M., Van Keulen, H., 2001. Mineral policy in The Netherlands and nitrate policy within the European Community. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 49, 117â134. Oenema, O., 2004. Governmental policies and measures regulating nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure in European agriculture. J. Anim. Sci. 82, 1â11. 3 4 6.1 Phosphate balance in the Netherlands The sustainable use of phosphate requires an understanding of phosphate sources that can be re-used eï¬ectively. The allocation of these sources depends largely on the scale of the system under study and scales diï¬er per country. For instance, the import of phosphate with feed concentrates or crops (plant products) is negligible in the national phosphorus balance of China (Ma et al., 20105), whereas it is an important source for the Netherlands (CBS, 20106). This chapter focuses on methods to recycle phosphate in the Netherlands on a national scale. 5 Ma. L., W.Q. Ma, G.L. Velthof, F.H. Wang, W. Qin & F.S. Zhang, 2010. Modelling Nutrient Flows in the Food Chain of China. J. Environ. Qual. 39: 1-11. CBS StatLine, June 2010, http:// statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/?LA=en. 6 Pagina 52
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