36 From within these groups of stakeholders, key stakeholders were identified, who have significant impact on the realization of the marine-park projects or who are significantly affected by the realization of such projects. It appears that different key stakeholders are involved in the various processes involved in realizing system innovation. While the primary stakeholders in the initial phase of project realization consist largely of project designers and knowledge institutes, member companies and financial institutions are the only key stakeholders remaining in the completion phase. After identifying the key stakeholders, their stakes and interests were investigated. In this analysis, it became clear that most stakeholders have relatively high interest in the projects. With the exception of the project designers, however, all of the stakeholders are apathetic with regard to project realization and are therefore reluctant to become pioneers in innovation. This research has also revealed that the establishment of marine parks can be a subject of dispute amongst the various stakeholders. The projects may involve restrictions and objections (e.g. negative visual impact, noise, obstructions, limited availability of land and disputes regarding the use of land and marine areas). Based on the analysis of marine-park locations, we can conclude that offshore projects have greater long-term potential, while small-scale inshore and near-shore marine parks are more viable in the short term. In general, many conflicting stakes concerning marine parks may result in negative expectations – and consequently, opposition – on the part of various stakeholders. The next issue to be addressed was power. The stakeholders involved have a high level of power through cooperation. None of the stakeholders has sufficient power to realize a project alone. The analysis of stakeholder positions indicated that many stakeholders are supportive of projects, as long as they can meet their promises regarding sustainability, although financial institutions and potential future members are neutral. Because of their neutral position, substantial resources may be required in order to attract these companies to join a project. With regard to project urgency, we can conclude that most stakeholders (with the exception of knowledge institutes and few project developers) are in no hurry with regard to project realization. Although the empirical data allow no conclusions with regard the actual urgency of the projects from a global economic and environmental perspective, several scientific reports do prove the urgency of the projects with regard to ensuring sustainable production and a healthy food supply for the growing population, as well as establishing natural energy production and achieving an ‘oil-free’ national economy. The primary benefits expected from projects are business development, expansion, reputation enhancement and new system development. The most important expected losses involve environmental damage through additional activities in the sea, followed by the loss of fishing areas and other conflicts with existing industries. In general, Pagina 46

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