20 4.2 Onshore, Inshore, Near-shore or Offshore? Marine parks combine various activities concerning the production of biomass, seafood and sea plants in marine areas in order to create synergy and enable sustainable production. During the early developmental stages of projects, various possibilities and directions can be accepted, and various predictable changes should be adopted, subject to several limitations, one of which involves space. Questions concerning space involve such issues as where and how far from the coast the marine park should be located, whether it should be a mixed farm and whether it will be possible to achieve the best outcomes at relatively low cost and with minimal stakeholder conflicts. The analysis presented below reveals differences in onshore, inshore, nearshore and offshore projects. Onshore pilot projects can be used primarily for developing knowledge concerning capabilities and possibilities for the production of plants or fish, or similar matters. Onshore projects are the most likely of all project types to have directly involved stakeholders with conflicting stakes (e.g. with regard to the scarcity of available space). The scarcity of land resources in the Netherlands is well known, and there are special requirements for specific land use objectives, including logistics, tourism and portal activities. Moreover, the displacement of water from the sea into onshore projects may require energy consumption and generate disadvantages for economic and business activities, and it could reduce the sustainability of production. Inshore and near-shore projects offer additional possibilities for establishing clusters. In contrast to the land-user stakeholders involved in onshore projects, the conflicting stakeholders for inshore or nearshore projects consist largely of water users (e.g. fishery organizations and organizations for the protection of water ecology). According to specialists, inshore and near-shore projects are incapable of supplying the required amount of seaweed, again due to space limitations. parks need massive space in order to produce the demanded quantities of seaweed. In contrast, offshore projects have the advantage of large available area for farming and fewer issues with fisheries and other entities. The environment in the sea, however, is very harsh (e.g. rust formation on constructions, strong wind and wave magnitude). There may be conflicts with currently functioning offshore wind-farm constructions, and not all wind farms are capable of adapting to a new system inside the farm area. Even for those that are capable of doing so, the attitude of the wind-farm management towards innovation is another crucial issue. Pagina 30
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