house construction 2 50 -70% reduction in electricity demand on the roof of the communal zone, water heated with renewable energy can directly power the machine, saving an immediate 20% electricity use. LIGHTING Lighting is a significant part of household electricity demand. Each home should have an optimized lighting plan where daylight access is maximized using solar tubes, well-placed windows, and skylights. With daylight optimized, we recommend an LED lighting plan with a target of 2-4 watts per square meter. This is very low compared to standard households but is enough to provide recommended lighting. We are recommending a number of demand side measures that will greatly reduce the overall electricity consumption of each household. These are summarized by major category below. WASHING MACHINES All washing machines will be centrally located in communal areas. In most households, washing machines consume 20% of the electricity, mostly to heat the water. We recommend using high-efficiency machines that can use hot water as an input. When combined with solar collectors, which will be placed REFRIGERATION Instead of a one-size-fits all refrigerator, we recommend multiple storage units that are cooled to different levels and appropriate for different food products. The system includes several small refrigerators filled sequentially and only used when necessary. It also contains evaporative cooling units which use water from the canal to cool chambers to 9-12 degrees celsius. The system is much more energy efficient by optimizing cooling depending on the quantity and type of food. Food storage guidelines distributed to the residents will also inform them about best practices for keeping food fresh with the lowest possible demand for cooling. HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES AND PERSONAL ELECTRONICS We have recommended targeted efficiencies for each household appliance, with suggested wattage ratings, water use, and other resource demands per type of equipment. Cut-off switches will be installed throughout each household. These switches will cut power to non-vital electronic equipment when it is not being used, removing the low-level power drain that normally occurs when appliances remain plugged in. COST & LABOR ESTIMATES These actions will provide a 50-70% savings in electricity use for an overall household. The suggested heat recovery ventilation system requires slightly more electricity than standard households, but is insignificant compared to the electricity savings generated from other recommendations. LED lighting costs for each household can be as low as 600 €. Solar tubes are more or less expensive depending on whether they are purchased or made by hand. A commercial solar tube costs around 1000 €, but home-made products can be very simple and inexpensive. The most important factor is to ensure that leaks are avoided by correctly sealing the tube structure to the roof. Other recommendations do not cost much. Instead, they require a change in practice, like using a different type of food storage system. For the changes that do cost some money, like purchasing more efficient appliances, old appliances can be sold to recoup some of the costs and the efficiency gains make up for the initial costs within a few years. 74 / 146 Pagina 73
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