demand side management strategy PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE Public lighting To reduce public lighting demand on-site, some options include fully solar-powered street lights (as proposed through Philips’ Simplicity design), or highly efficient LED lighting with lunar resonance control (reducing lighting demand based on ambient lighting from moonlight). Some on-demand public lighting systems also exist, which increase lumen output only when requested by users (via cell phone remote control or motion sensor). A final exploratory area is the possibility of bioluminescent lighting technology. There are currently no commercial otpions for bioluminescent lighting, however there are many research advances in this area, as well as a number of DIY solutions. These options would most likely involve installing tubing or containers with bioluminscent algae or bacteria and fueling them with residual sludge from biomass digesters. COMMUNAL SPACES Personal versus communal technologies There are three planned “common space” areas in the urban plan for the Schoonschip site, each of which has a surface area of around 40 m2 . In our final design, we plan to co-locate clusters of domestic and social functions in these communal zones with the following objectives in mind: › Reducing resource demand by installing highly efficient shared appliances (that in many cases may be too expensive or impractical for single families to own). › Creating opportunities for time saving by co-locating domestic tasks that have intermittent time commitments (for example, by co-locating laundry facilities and household garden plots, residents can put in a load of laundry and use the time in between to tend to their greenhouse garden plot, while watching their children play in the co-located play area). › Creating usable concentrations of waste heat for cascading (e.g., both the greenhouse and laundry equipment will create waste heat that can be collected and stored in insulated water tanks or phase change materials on site. This heat can be used, for example, to warm the adjacent swimming pool). › Increasing social cohesion among residents by creating opportunities for casual interaction at the site of these communal activities. In particular, clothes washing and drying, which typically use up to 20% of a household’s energy demand, can be placed on one of the communal sites already planned in the Schoonschip master plan. If residents already own their own washing machine and dryer, they can sell this equipment before relocating to Schoonschip and invest a fraction of that money in the communal equipment. For the offices on the de Ceuvel site, shared equipment such as high efficiency printers and cooking areas can similarly reduce energy demand, increase the quality of equipment, and encourage increased social interaction. DOMESTIC TECHNOLOGY Building envelope Our objective is to achieve the Passive House standard for building performance. Passive House technology was once notorious for also resulting in poor indoor air quality and not allowing residents to open windows; with new approaches this is no longer the case. Achieving the Passive House standard primarily involves installing very high levels of insulation for walls, floors, roofs, and windows; the elimination of thermal bridges; and the optimization of passive solar orientation (maximizing south-facing glazing). By following these guidelines, in new constructions (Schoonschip), natural gas demand for space heating can be completely eliminated and replaced with a small amount of electricity demand needed for heat recovering air ventilation systems. In retrofit constructions (de Ceuvel), gas demand for space heating can be mostly eliminated through retrofit insulation and some additional heating can be supplied through air-to-water heat exchangers (suited to the waterfront context of the site) or low-temperature heating systems through floor heating using seasonal heat storage in insulated water tanks (or other thermal storage options). HVAC When Passive House standards are adopted, ventilation performance has to be of very high quality and coupled with heat recovery to eliminate heat losses outside the building. This ventilation presents an additional electricity demand per household (of 36 - 88 watts per ventilation system per household, or 2,3 kWh per year per m2 ). Thermal comfort zones Certain zones within the house are zoned for increased thermal comfort (living rooms, home offices), and waste heat flows within the house are directed towards these areas. Secondary thermal comfort zones include bathrooms, bedrooms, and kitchen. Lowest thermal comfort areas include hallways and storage areas. A target Pagina 114
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