baseline demand TYPICAL RESOURCE USAGE A central strategy for achieving all of the scenarios described in this document is to realize very high levels of resource use efficiency and demand-side reduction. As a starting point, we sketched the current consumption baseline to understand where the greatest opportunities for targeted intervention lie. Below are basic resource demand summaries for Dutch households, offices, public lighting infrastructure, personal transportation, and food consumption. These are the primary end demand scenarios that we are dealing with on the Schoonschip and de Ceuvel sites. Dutch households In Dutch households energy demand in 2010 broke down as follows1 : › 1.617 m3 of gas, used primarily for space heating (80 - 85%), followed by hot water (10 - 15%), and finally around 2 - 5% for cooking. › 3.480 kWh of electricity, primarily used for cleaning i.e.., laundry and clothes drying (~20%), refrigeration (~15%), lighting (~15%), followed by heating (electric heating systems), ICT, cooking, ventilation, kitchen appliances, other appliances, recreation, and personal care. Dutch domestic water use is around 127,5 liters per person per day.2 The majority of this water, around 50 liters, is used for showering, followed by 37 liters for toilet flushing, 23 liters for clothes washing, and the remainder used in sinks, dish washing, and food preparation. An estimated 60 liters of this water is consumed hot. Typical per capita waste production in the Netherlands amounts to an estimated total of 549 kg per year. This includes 1 Energie in Nederland 2011 Report 2 Central Bureau of Statistics, 2010 data Dutch offices In Dutch offices energy demand in 2008 broke down as follows3 › 15 m3 of gas per m2 heating : › 205 kWh of energy per m2 of office space, used primarily for space , primarily used for lighting (21%), equipment like computers and printers (12%), followed by 7% for servers and decentralized ICT, and the remainder for transport, ventilation, and other functions. Public lighting infrastructure In the Netherlands there are around 3.000.000 lighting masts and around 3.500.000 lighting points for public lighting. These have an average power consumption of 50 W and 4,100 operating hours per year, leading to around 800.000.000 kWh of electricity consumption per year, or around 1,2% of national electricity use. Most of these lights are sodium light points. Personal transportation Car ownership in the Netherlands is at around 400 cars per 1.000 people. The average travel distance by car is 37 km per day4 . Food consumption We have a very detailed dataset on typical Dutch food consumption based on a 2011 study conducted by research institute RIVM. A summary of average adult daily food consumption by food type is shown in the pie chart to the right. Based on these consumption rates, we can estimate local capacity for food production. REDUCTION TARGETS It is clear that some of these demands result from suboptimal 3 Energie in Nederland 2011 4 Senter Novem Databank, SWING › technologies and systemic inefficiencies (household heating and lighting systems), some stem from behavioral patterns (lighting and personal transportation), and others are rather inelastic (food demand). In our demand-side design, we have begun by targeting those areas of demand that are most sub-optimized, either technologically or behaviorally. Based on our initial modeling, we have concluded the following: › Natural gas demand for space heating can be entirely eliminated in new constructions and mostly eliminated in retrofit constructions by adhering to Passive House standards. This will be replaced by a relatively small increase in electricity demand for heat recovery ventilation systems. › Natural gas demand for water heating and cooking can be entirely replaced either with locally supplied biogas or locally produced renewable electricity. › Electricity demand can be reduced 50 - 70 % by optimizing: clothes washing, refrigeration, lighting, and the type and usage pattern of personal electronic devices. Some of this demand remains inelastic due to the efficiency limits of certain technologies and the existing stock of devices owned by the incoming population. With community purchasing guidelines for new electricity-using-products, this electricity demand is projected to further decrease over time. › Public lighting infrastructure can be made much more efficient by switching to highly efficient and / or renewable sources of lighting. Public lighting demand reduction can range from 50 - 100% of energy demand depending on the technologies selected. Providing energy for personal transportation in a renewable manner from the site itself is a challenge. Electric cars typi Pagina 112
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